As of writing, the CT metrology technique is still evolving with several technical issues yet to be resolved, in particular, to find better ways of expressing uncertainties associated with CT dimensional measurements. Following this overview is a brief review of the current state of the art of the technology-specifically focused on issues of metrology-and of the present standardization efforts in the design of acceptance tests for evaluating the metrological performance of X-ray CT. This article describes the development of X-ray CT metrology beginning with a historical overview that spans the discovery of X-rays to the invention of CAT scan and focuses with greater detail on its expansion toward industrial dimensional measurements. In contrast, for precision engineering applications accurate dimensional measurement is the essence of X-ray CT metrology. For medical diagnoses or other qualitative analyses that depend mainly on feature recognition dimensional accuracy is not necessary.
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As a result, CT presently contributes to dimensional inspection and geometric analysis for technology companies spanning a variety of industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, medical devices, plastic components, metalworking, and additive manufacturing (one of the main drivers presently pushing the use of CT for dimensional measurement).
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The CT technique is now used to measure a specimen's geometrical dimensions (of both internal and external features). X-ray computed tomography (also referred to as X-ray CT, CAT scan, or simply ‘CT’) is a technological advancement with expanding applications, from medical imaging and nondestructive evaluation to, more recently, dimensional metrology. Having Godfrey Hounsfield was a major advantage, but most of the innovation at this point had become incremental rather than revolutionary,
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Nor had it ever truly grasped how to market its products to radiologists as well as the established players in the conventional medical imaging industry. EMI lacked the technological resources of companies such as GE, Toshiba, and Siemens. In 1977, EMI regained some of its US market share, but it peaked at just over 40%, and it was facing an uphill trek. They saw that further investments in medical technology could provide a financial EMI: The End Compared with margins of only 9.8% in the recording business, this seemed very attractive. Although representing only 1.26% of the company's total sales, this business enjoyed a 24.5% profit margin. By June 1974, EMI had sold 35 scanners in the United States alone, and total sales in 1974 reached £5,076,000. Throughout 19, EMI enjoyed a monopoly on the new technology, producing sizable profits. Along with a radiologist EMI: The Later Years These attenuation values could then be analyzed with a mathematical algorithm to produce 2-dimensional images of the interior the body. By directing x-ray beams through the body at 1° angles, with a detector rotating in tandem on the other side, he could measure the attenuation of x-rays. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, Godfrey Hounsfield was given the green light to begin work on what would become the CT scanner. In 1967, the same year the Beatles released Sgt. Undaunted, Epstein took the band to Decca's major competitor in the United Kingdom, EMI. He took them to one of Britain's largest record labels, Decca, but the label decided not to pursue the group, in part because its executives thought guitar music was “on the way out”. In 1962, a wealthy Liverpool businessman, Brian Epstein, decided to manage a popular local band, the Beatles. The recorded music industry saw incredible growth in the 1950s, but it was dwarfed by the decade to come. Unfortunately for the Gramophone Company, the world was soon to become a much more unstable place, as World The Beatles Within 10 years of its UK inception, the international market had expanded so rapidly that over 60% of its revenues came from outside the United Kingdom. As an upstart in the nascent recording industry, Gramophone was one of the few businesses at the time that saw the potential market for recorded music. The company today known as EMI began life in 1897 as the Gramophone Company. However, his condition continued to deteriorate, and after several hours, he was taken to the EMI: The Early Years His symptoms and signs did not fit neatly into any diagnostic category.
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The physicians who first saw Ritchie were uncertain about his diagnosis. By evening, when she finally took him to the hospital, Ritchie was fast becoming very ill indeed.
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Initially, his mother assumed his discomfort would pass, but it gradually worsened. One day, 6-year-old Ritchie Starkey began to complain of abdominal pain.